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Selasa, 24 April 2012

Konsep Penyakit

Penyakit : perubahan dalam individu yang menyebabkan parameter kesehatan mereka berubah diluar batas-batas normal.

Semua sel dalam tubuh membutuhkan :
- sejumlah oksigen
- zat makanan tertentu bagi kelanjutan hidup
- batas suhu yang sempit
- kandungan air
- keasaman
- keadaan internal yang tetap

PERADANGAN
Merupakan respon tubuh terhadap cedera
Definisi: reaksi vaskular yang dimana terjadi pengiriman cairan, zat-zat yang terlarut dan sel-sel inflamasi dari sirkulasi darah ke jaringan interstisial/ interseluler pada daerah cedera.
Peradangan merupakan gejala yang menguntungkan dan pertahanan yang haislnya adalah netralisasi dan pembuangan agen penyerang, penghancuran jaringan nekrotik dan pembentukan keadaan yang dibutuhkan untuk pemulihan dan perbaikan.

Ciri-ciri peradangan:
Rubor (kemerahan)
Kalor (panas)
Dolor (rasa sakit)
Tumor (pembengkakan)
Funcio laesa (perubahan fungsi )

RUBOR (KEMERAHAN)
Gejala pertama saat terjadi radang.
Saat terjadi peradangan arteriol yang mensuplai daerah tersebut melebar, sehingga lebih banyak darah mengalir ke mikrosirkulasi lokal.
Proses ini ditimbulakn secara neurogenik maupaun kimiawi oleh histamin.

KALOR
Terjadi bersamaan dengan rubor
Sifat reaksi radang pada permukaan tubuh
Permukaan tubuh dalam kondisi normal, suhunya lebih rendah daripada suhu di dalam tubuh.
Darah yang disalurkan tubuh ke permukaan daerah yang terkena radang lebih banyak daripada yang disalurkan ke daerah normal.

DOLOR (NYERI)
Nyeri dapat terjadi melalui beberapa cara
Perubahan pH lokal atau konsentrasi lokal ion-ion dapat merangsang ujung-ujung saraf
Pengeluaran histamin dapat merangsang ujung saraf
Pembengkakan jaringan dapat menambah tekanan lokal dan menimbulkan nyeri

TUMOR (PEMBENGKAKAN)
Ditimbulkan oleh pengiriman cairan dan sel-sel dari sirkulasi darah ke interstisial.
Campuran dari cairan dan sel disebut sebagai exudat
Radang è perubahan permeaabilitas dinding kapiler è kebocoran protein è keseimbangan tekanan osmotik dan hidrostatikè air keluar bersama protein

FUNGSIO LAESA
Adanya bagian yang bengkak, nyeri disertai sirkulasi lokal yang abnormal menyebabkan fungsi yang abnormal pula

ANEMIA


Definisi pengurangan jumlah eritrosit, kuantitas hemoglobin dan hematocrit per 100 ml darah.
Manifestasi tergantung :
 kecepatan timbulnya anemia
 umur individu
 mekanisme kompensasi
 tingkat aktivitas
 keadaan penyakit yang mendasari
 parahnya anemia tersebut
Patofisiology
Jumlah eritrosit berkurang

jumlah O2 ke jaringan/ organ berkurang
Mekanisme kompensasi dapat melalui:
 Peningkatan curah jantung dan pernafasan → menambah pemasukan O2 ke jaringan
 Meningkatkan pelepasan O2 oleh hemoglobin
 Mengembangkan volume plasma dengan menarik cairan dari sela-sela jaringan
Gejala-gejala
 pucat (kulit, konjungtiva, telapak tangan, warna kuku)
 takikardi
 gelisah
 sesak napas
 cepat lelah saat beraktivitas
 sakit kepala
 Nyeri dada (angina)

Klasifikasi
Menurut morfologi
 Anemia normositik normokromik
 Anemia makrositik normokromik
 Anemia mikrositik hipokromik
Menurut etiologi
 Peningkatan kehilangan eritrosit
 Gangguan/ penurunan pembentukan sel

Anemia normositik normokromik
 Ukuran dan bentuk eritrosit normal
 Terjadi karena:
 Kehilangan jumlah darah yang akut
 Penyakit kronis
 Gangguan renal
 Kegagalan sumsum tulang
Anemia makrositik normokromik
 Ukuran eritrosit membesar, bentuk normal (konsentrasi hemoglobin normal)
 Terjadi karena:
 Gangguan / terhentinya sintesis asam nukleat DNA seperti pada defisiensi vit B12 dan/ atau asam folat, dapat juga pada kondisi post kemoterapi
Anemia mikrositik hipokromik
 Jumlah Hb < normal, ukuran < normal
 Terjadi karena:
 Defisiensi Fe
 Kehilangan darah kronis
 Thalasemia (penyakit Hb abnormal kongenital)

Peningkatan kehilangan eritrosit
O.K :
perdarahan ( trauma, tukak, perdarahan kronik pada polip di kolon, keganasan, hemoroid)
penghancuran sel (hemolisis)

Gangguan/ penurunan pembentukan sel
Terjadi pada:
 Keganasan yg telah menyebar (leukimia, kanker payudara)
 Obat dan zat toxic
 Radiasi
 Penyakit kronis ginjal
 Kekurangan Fe, vit b12, asam folat

Anemia aplastika
Adalah gangguan pada sel-sel induk sumsum tulang sehingga jumlah sel darah tidak cukup sehingga terjadi Pansitopenia ( AE<. AL <, AT <)
Gejala :
 Gejala anemia
 Perdarahan
 Petekiae
 Mudah infexi

Anemia defisiensi besi
Adalah penurunan kuantitatif sintesa Hb oleh karena defisiensi Fe
Penyebab:
 Asupan Fe tidak mencukupi
 Gangguan absorpsi
 Perdarahan yang menetap dan lembat
Anemia Megaloblastik
anemia makrositik normokromik oleh karena defisiensi vit B12 dan asam folat sehingga sintesis DNA terganggu
Gejala:
 malnutrisi
 radang pada lidah
 diare
 anoreksia

Jumat, 20 April 2012

Lirik Lagu Avril Lavigne Goodbye


Goodbye, goodbye, goodbye my love
I can’t hide, can’t hide what has come

I have to go.
I have to go.
I have to go,
and leave you alone,
but always know,
Always know,
Always know I love you so.
I love you so.
I love you so.

Goodbye brown eyes.
Goodbye for now.
Goodbye sunshine.
take care of yourself.

I have to go.
I have to go.
I have to go,
and leave you alone,
but always know.
Always know.
Always know,
that I love you so I love you so.
oh
I love you so.
ohhh

La-lullaby distract me with your eyes.
La-lullaby
La-lullaby help me sleep tonight.
La-lullaby
(la-lullaby)
La-lullaby

I have to go.
I have to go.
I have to go and leave you alone.
But always know,
Always know,
Always know that I love you so.
I love you so.
I love you so.
Ohhhhhh
I love you so.
I love you so.
I love you so.
I love you so.

Goodbye brown eyes,
Goodbye my love.

Goodbye, goodbye, goodbye my love
I can’t hide, can’t hide what has come

I have to go.
I have to go.
I have to go,
and leave you alone,
but always know,
Always know,
Always know I love you so.
I love you so.
I love you so.

Goodbye brown eyes.
Goodbye for now.
Goodbye sunshine.
take care of yourself.

I have to go.
I have to go.
I have to go,
and leave you alone,
but always know.
Always know.
Always know,
that I love you so I love you so.
oh
I love you so.
ohhh

La-lullaby distract me with your eyes.
La-lullaby
La-lullaby help me sleep tonight.
La-lullaby
(la-lullaby)
La-lullaby

I have to go.
I have to go.
I have to go and leave you alone.
But always know,
Always know,
Always know that I love you so.
I love you so.
I love you so.
Ohhhhhh
I love you so.
I love you so.
I love you so.
I love you so.

Goodbye brown eyes,
Goodbye my love.

Kamis, 19 April 2012

PNEUMONIA

PNEUMONIA
“Paru-paru merupakan organ yang rentan dengan infeksi mengingat saluran nafas serta epitel paru terus-menerus terpajan udara yang mungkin saja tercemar.”
Meskipun begitu, terdapat bermacam mekanisme pertahanan baik imun maupun nonimun yang berada dari nasofaring hingga rongga udara di alveolus untuk menghadapi serangan infeksi.
Defek pada imunitas bawaan serta imunodefisiensi humoral biasanya menyebabkan peningkatan insiden infeksi oleh bakteri piogenik. Selain itu, defek imunitas seluler menyebabkan peningkatan infeksi oleh mikroba intrasel, seperti mikobakteri dan virus herpes serta mikroorganisme yang virulensinya rendah, seperti Pneumocytis carinii. Pajanan eksogen seperti merokok akan melemahkan kemampuan mukosilia melakukan pembersihan dan mengurangi aktivitas makrofag paru, sedangkan alkohol tidak hanya menghambat batuk dan refleks epiglotis sehingga risiko aspirasi meningkat, tetapi juga mengganggu mobilisasi dan kemotaksis netrofil. 1
Dahulu, pneumonia merupakan penyebab kematian nomor 1 di Amerika (tahun 1936 menurut American Lung Association). Penggunaan antibiotik membuat penyakit ini bisa dikontrol beberapa tahun kemudian. (3)Sekarang, infeksi pneumonia merupakan penyebab keenam kematian di Amerika. 1
Pneumonia dapat didefinisikan sebagai infeksi apapun di paru.2 Dapat berupa bakteri, virus, maupun jamur. 3 Pneumonia dapat bermanifestasi sebagai penyakit akut fulminan atau penyakit yang kronis. Sementara itu, spektrum histologik pneumonia dapat bervariasi:
• alveolus fibrinopurulen (akut)
• infiltrat mononukleus interstitium (pneumonia virus dan pneumonia atipikal)
• granuloma dan kavitasi (pneumonia kronis)1
Penderita pneumonia, seringkali mengeluhkan batuk, produksi mukus, demam, nafas pendek, dan nyeri dada. Dalam menghadapi invasi bakteri, terjadi reaksi inflamasi yang akan menyebabkan alveolus terisi cairan. Akibatnya, paru-paru menjadi kurang elastis dan tidak bisa mengambil oksigen ke dalam darah atau membuang karbondioksida dari darah. Hal tersebut menyebabkan nafas menjadi pendek. Batas napas cepat adalah frekuensi pernapasan sebanyak 50 kali permenit atau lebih pada anak usia 2 bulan sampai kurang dari 1 tahun dan 40 kali per menit atau lebih pada anak usia 1 tahun sampai kurang dari 5 tahun. 3 Inflamasi juga dapat menyebabkan gejala lain seperti demam dan nyeri dada. Pneumonia dapat menjadi berbahaya karena secara langsung dapat mengganggu kemampuan tubuh dalam melakukan pertukaran CO2 dan O2. 2
Pneumonia berat ditandai dengan adanya batuk atau kesukaran bernapas, napas sesak atau penarikan dinding dada sebelah bawah ke dalam (severe chest indrawing) pada anak usia 2 bulan sampai 5 tahun. Kesukaran bernapas disertai gejala sianosis sentral dan tidak bisa minum dapat menyertai pada anak kelompok usia ini. Jika di bawah 2 bulan, tanda utamanya adalah frekuensi pernapasan mencapai 60 kali permenit disertai penarikan kuat pada dinding dada sebelah bawah ke dalam. 3
Pneumonia berbeda dengan bronkitis akut, yang juga menyebabkan demam, batuk, nyeri dada, dan nafas pendek. Bronkitis disebabkan inflamasi pada bronkus yang akan berdampak pada alveolus, bukan pada alveolus itu sendiri. Karena kemiripannya itulah, sulit untuk bisa menentukan apakah bagian yang utamanya mengalami gangguan adalah bronkus atau alveolusnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan x-ray. Jika kedua jalur napas tadi tekena, baik bronkus maupun alveolusnya, penyakit tersebut dapat didefinisikan sebagai bronkopneumonia. 2
Penularan
Seseorang dapat terkena penyakit pneumoni karena tertular oleh penderita yang batuk, belum mendapat imunisasi lengkap (jika terjadi pada anak balita), kekurangan gizi, dan tinggal di lingkungan yang tidak sehat.
Penggolongan pneumonia berdasarkan situasi timbulnya infeksi tersebut dapat mempersempit daftar patogen yang dicurigai untuk pemberian terapi antimikroba empirik. Terdapat tujuh situasi klinis yang berbeda dan patogennya cukup spesifik pada masing-masing kategori. 1
Komplikasi Pneumonia4
Bakteremia
Bakteremia adalah suatu kondisi di mana ada sejumlah besar bakteri hadir dalam aliran darah. Indikasi bakteri dalam darah terdeteksi oleh pemeriksaan darah rutin dan pemeriksaan fisik. Bakteremia biasanya dicurigai jika pasien menunjukkan tanda-tanda dan gejala seperti demam tinggi, batuk lendir hijau atau kuning, kelemahan ekstrim dan timbulnya syok septik. Bakteremia harus ditangani dengan cepat atau infeksi dapat menyebar dengan cepat ke seluruh tubuh dan menyebabkan organ utama mati.

Efusi pleura
Efusi pleura terjadi ketika penumpukan kelebihan cairan dan dahak pada lapisan dinding dada, alveoulus dan ruang-ruang di antaranya. Ini adalah komplikasi umum yang muncul dari pneumonia dan mungkin salah satu tanda-tanda pertama pada X-Ray dada. Jika cairan luas di paru-paru, thoracentesis mungkin harus dilakukan.

Endokarditis
Endokarditis adalah infeksi lapisan dalam jantung. Ini merupakan komplikasi dari pneumonia diobati jangka panjang atau pneumonia berulang. Karena gejala dapat mirip pneumonia itu sendiri, seperti sesak napas, batuk atau nyeri, sering kali tidak terdeteksi. Endokarditis yang tidak diobati dapat menyebabkan kerusakan ireversibel katup atau gagal jantung.

Kegagalan ventilasi
Kegagalan ventilasi adalah nama lain umum untuk hiperkapnia. Otot-otot di paru-paru, atau otot ventilator, bekerja keras untuk memungkinkan paru-paru naik dan turun dan bekerja pada menyelesaikan fungsi tubuh yang tepat. Dalam beberapa kasus pneumonia, pasien mungkin tidak dapat bernapas dengan adekuat. Sebuah ventilator harus ditempatkan pada pasien sehingga mereka dapat bernapas dengan benar dan mengisi aliran darah dan oksigen ke seluruh organ tubuh.
Kegagalan Pernafasan hipoksemia
Komplikasi lain dari pneumonia yang parah kegagalan pernapasan hipoksemia. Kondisi ini terjadi ketika ada peradangan parah di dinding paru-paru menyebabkan aliran udara menutup atau menyempitkan darah dan aliran udara. Pengobatan awal adalah untuk mengurangi peradangan. Hal ini dilakukan dengan antibiotik untuk menghilangkan infeksi dan thoracentesis untuk menghapus cairan untuk meringankan tekanan udara dan aliran kembali.
Pneumonia Akut Didapat di Masyarakat 1
Pneumonia akut ini (community acquired acute pneumonia) disebabkan oleh bakteri. Streptococcus pneumoniae (atau pneumokokus) merupakan penyebab tersering. Juga, seringkali terjadi setelah infeksi saluran napas oleh virus. Onset yang dapat terlihat dapat berupa demam tinggi, menggigil, nyeri dada pleuritik, dan batuk mukopurulen produktif; kadang dapat hemoptisis.
Risiko pneumonia dapat meningkat pada mereka yang:
1. Mengidap penyakit kronis (gagal jantung kongestif, PPOK, diabetes)
2. Penderita defek imunoglobulis kongenital maupun didapat
3. Fungsi limpanya berkurang
Dalam melakukan diagnosis terhadap pneumonia,pemeriksaan sputum merupakan langkah yang penting. Adanya banyak netrofil yang mengandung diplokokus gram-positif berbentuk lembing khas merupakan bukti kuat pneumonia pneumokokus. Akan tetapi, ternyata S.pneumoniae adalah bagian dari flora endogen sehingga hasil positif palsu dapat terjadi dengan metode ini. Isolasi pneumokokus dari biakan darah bersifat lebih spesifik. Selama fase awal penyakit, biakan darah mungkin positif pada 20% hingga 30%.
Pada penderita pneumonia, jumlah leukosit dapat melebihi batas normal (10.000/mikroliter). Pengambilan sputum /dahak dilakukan baik untuk kultur maupun tes resistensi kuman. Sputum bisa diambil dengan cara dibatukan, didahului proses perangsangan dengan menghirup NaCl 3%, atau menggunakan protective brush untuk mengambil sputum pada saluran napas bawah. 3
Dari segi pengobatan, bila memungkinkan, kita dapa melakukan pemeriksaan kepekaan antibiotik. Meskipun pneumonia pneumokokus cepat berespon terhadap penisilin, semakin banyak strain yang resisten penisilin. Jika pasien dalam kategori beresiko terkena pneumonia, dapat diberikan vaksi pneumokokus komersial yang mengandung polisakardisa kapsul dari serotipe umum pneumokokus.
Organisme lain yang diperkirakan juga berperan dalam pneumonia akut, di antaranya adalah H. Influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, S.aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, P.aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila.
Pneumonia Atipikal Didapat di Masyarakat 1
Konsep pneumonia atipikal ini diajukan pada tahun 1983 dengan laporan 8 kasus; pada kasustersebut, laringitis dan gejala mirip flu berkembang menjadi laringitis dab akhirnya trakeobronkitis dan pneumonia. Pada jenis ini, pembentukan sputum tidak banyak, tidak ada tanda konsolidasi, hitung sel darah putih meningkat sedang, serta bakteri dan virus influenza A tidak dapat diisolasi. Kasus ini, kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh Mycoplasma pneumoniae yang merupakan penyebab tersering pneumonia atipikal, terutama saat epidemi influenza A tidak terjadi di masyarakat. Berikut adalah daftar organisme penyebab pneumonia ini:
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Chlamydia spp. (C. pneumoniae, C.psitacci, C.trachomatis)
• Coxiella burnetti
• Virus: respiratory syncytial virus, virus parainfluenza (anak); Influenza A dan B (dewasa); adenovirus (pada rekruitmen militer)
Hampir semua organisme di atas dapat menyebabkan terjadinya infeksi saluran napas primer dengan koriza (peradangan disertai discharge difus dari mukosa hidung), faringitis, laringitis, dan trakeobronkitis. Mekanisema patogenik umum adalah melekatnya organisme pada epitel pernapasan diikuti nekrosis sel dan respon peradangan. Jika proses meluas ke alveolus, dapat terjadi peradangan interstitium, juga terjadi pemasukan cairan ke dalam rongga alveolus sehingga pada foto toraks dapat terlihat gambaran mirip pneumonia bakteri. Kerusakan dan pengelupasan epitel pernapasan menghambat bersihan mukosilia dan memudahkan infeksi bakteri sekunder.
Karena bergantung resistensi pejamu, pneumonia atipikal dapat ringan atau berat. Infeksi saluran napas bawah yang lebih serius terjadi pada bayi, orang usia lanjut, penderita malnutrisi, pecandu alkohol, dan pasien dengan gangguan kekebalan.
Perjalanan penyakit pneumonia atipikal primer sangat bervariasi, dapat berupa infeksi saluran napas atas yang parah atau chest cold yang tidak terdiagnosis, atau dapat pula sebagai infeksi fulminan mengancam nyawa pada pasien dengan penurunan kekebalan. Onset biasanya bersifat akut dan non spesifik yang ditandai dengan demam, nyeri kepala, dan malaise. Kemudian, terjadi batuk dengan sedikit sputum.
Foto toraks biasanya memperlihatkan bercak-bercak berbatas kabur yang transien terutama di lobus bawah. Temuan fisik biasanya minimal dan tidak dapat dibedakan dengan bronkopneumonia, meskipun terutama pada infeksi oleh Mycoplasma, dapat terjadi konsolidasi lobus. Juga, dapat terjadi gawat napas yang jauh melebihi temuan fisik dan radiologis karena edema dan eksudasi berada dalam posisi strategis untuk menyebabkan sumbatan alveolokapiler.
Penyebab penyakit sulit diidentifikasi, bahkan pada sebagian besar kasus patogennya tetap tidak dapat dipastikan. Pemeriksaan yang dilakukan dapat berupa pemeriksaan untuk antigen mikoplasma dan pemeriksaan reaksi berantai polimerase (PCR) untuk DNA mikoplasma.
Untuk kepentingan praktis, pasien dengan pneumonia didapat di masyarakat, yang tampaknya bukan disebabkan oleh bakteri diterapi dengan antibiotik eritromisin yang efektif terhadap Mycoplasma dan Chlamydia pneumoniae. Jika tidak terdapat komplikasi, biasanya prognosis baik.
Pneumonia Nosokomial 1
Pneumonia nosokomial atau didapat di rumah sakit didefinisikan sebagai infeksi paru yang diperoleh sewaktu pasien dirawat di rumah sakit. Infeksi ini seringkali terjadi pada pasien dengan penyakit berat, imunosupresi, terapi antibiotik berkepanjangan, atau alat akses invasif seperti kateter intravaskular. Pasien dengan ventilasi mekanis merupakan kelompok yang sangat beresiko dan infeksi pada kondisi ini sering dikenal sebagai ventilator-acquired pneumonia. Bakteri batang gram negatif (Enterobacteriaceae dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa) dan S.aureus merupakan isolat tersering. Namun, S.aureus bukanlah patogen utama sebagaimana pneumonia didapat di masyarakat.
Pneumonia Aspirasi 1
Pneumonia aspirasi terjadi pada pasien dengan debilitas berat atau mereka yang menghirup isi lambung selagi tidak sadar (misal stroke) atau muntah berulang. Pada pasien ini, terjadi gangguan refleks tersendak dan menelan yang mempermudah aspirasi. Pneumonia yang terjadi sebagian bersifat kimiawi, karena efek asam lambung yang iritatif, dan sebagian bakteri. Bakteri aerob lebih dominan daripada bakteri anaerob. Bakteri jenis tersebut sering menyebabkan nekrosis, memperlihatkan perjalan penyakit yang fulminan, dan sering menjadi penyebab kematian pada pasien yang rentan aspirasi. Pada mereka yang bertahan hidup, sering terjadi penyulit abses paru.
Pneumonia Kronis
Salah satu pneumonia kronis yang cukup banyak terjadi adalah TBC, yang merupakan penyakit granulomatosa kronis menular akibat M.tuberculosis. Penyakit ini dapat menyerang paru, maupun organ lainnya. Biasanya, bagian tengah granuloma tuberkular mengalami nekrosis perkijuan.
Mikroorganisme lain yang dapat menyebabkan pneumonia kronis adalah Nocardia, Actinomyces, Granulomatosa: M.tuberculosis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidiodies immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis.
Pneumonia Nekrotikan dan Abses Paru
Abses paru merupakan daerah lokal nekrosis supuratif dalam parenkim paru, yang menyebabkan terbentuknya kavitas besar. Pneumonia nekrotikan merupakan istilah yang digunakan jika kavitasnya kecil. Organisme penyebab dapat masuk melalui aspirasi bahan yang terinfeksi, aspirasi isi lambung,obstruksi bronkus, embolus septik serta penyebaran hematogen bakteri pada infeksi piogenik diseminata. Terutama, pada bakterimia stafilokokus dan sering menyebabkan terbentuknya abses paru multipel.
Bakteri anaerob terdapat di hampir semua abses paru, kadang-kadang dalam jumlah yang banyak, dan merupakan isolat eksklusif pada sepertiga hingga duapertiga kasus. Anaerob yang paling sering merupakan flora komensal yang secara normal ada pada mulut, terutama spesies Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Peptosterptococcus dan streptococcus mikroaerofilik. Sering terdapat infeksi campuran aerob-anaerob. Untuk organisme aerob, yang sering muncul adalah S.aureus, Sterptococcus β-hemolitikus, Nocardia dan organisme gram negatif.
Manifestasi abses paru banyak mirip dengan bronkiektasis dan nencakup batuk mencolok yang biasanya disertai pengeluaran sputum dalam jumlah besar dan berbau, purulen, atau bebercak darah; kadang terjadi hemoptisis. Pasien sering mengalami demam tinggi dan malaise. Jari gada, penurunan berat, dan anemia juga dapat terjadi. Abses infeksi terjadi pada 10-15% pasien dengan karsinoma bronkogenik sehingga pada pasien berusia lanjut yang dicurigai adanya abses paru, perlu dipertimbangkan adanya karsinoma penyebab. Terapi mencakup pemberian antibiotik dan jika diperlukan dilakukan drainase bedah. 1
Pneumonia pada Pejamu dengan Gangguan Kesehatan
Pneumonia ini terjadi pada pejamu yang memang sebelumnya sudah mengalami masalah kesehatan. Organisme yang utamanya menyebakan gangguan ini adalah sitomegalovirus, Pneumocytis carinii, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, aspergilosis invasif, serta kandidiasis invasif.
Pada pneumonia ini, salah yang terkenal ialah Sitomegalovirus. Sitomegalovirus merupakan famili virus herpes, dapat menimbulkan beragam penyakit, yang tergantung pada imunitas dan usia pejamu. Sel yang terkena virus ini akan mengalami gigantisme baik inti maupun keseluruhan selnya. Di dalam nukleus terdapat badan inklusi besar dikelilingi halo jernih sehingga disebut juga cytomegalic inclusion disease. Infeksi CMV pada kasus ini biasanya terjadi pada pasien dengan gangguan kekebalan seperti pada AIDS dan penerima transplantasi sumsum tulang alogeneik.


Taylor Swift - You Belong With Me

You're on the phone with your girlfriend, she's upset
She's going off about something that you said
'Cause she doesn't get your humor like I do

I'm in the room, it's a typical Tuesday night
I'm listening to the kind of music she doesn't like
And she'll never know your story like I do

But she wears short skirts, I wear T-shirts
She's Cheer Captain and I'm on the bleachers
Dreaming about the day when you wake up and find
That what you're looking for has been here the whole time

If you could see that I'm the one who understands you
Been here all along, so why can't you see?
You, you belong with me, you belong with me

Walking the streets with you and your worn-out jeans
I can't help thinking this is how it tought to be
Laughing on a park bench, thinking to myself
Hey, isn't this easy?

And you've got a smile that could light up this whole town
I haven't seen it in a while since she brought you down
You say you're fine, I know you better than that
Hey, what ya doing with a girl like that?

She wears high heels, I wear sneakers
She's Cheer Captain and I'm on the bleachers
Dreaming about the day when you wake up and find
That what you're looking for has been here the whole time

If you could see that I'm the one who understands you
Been here all along, so why can't you see?
You belong with me

Standing by and waiting at your back door
All this time how could you not know?
Baby, you belong with me, you belong with me

Oh, I remember you driving to my house in the middle of the night
I'm the one who makes you laugh when you know you're 'bout to cry
And I know your favorite songs and you tell me 'bout your dreams
Think I know where you belong, think I know it's with me

Can't you see that I'm the one who understands you?
Been here all along, so why can't you see?
You belong with me

Standing by and waiting at your back door
All this time, how could you not know?
Baby, you belong with me, you belong with me
You belong with me
Have you ever thought just maybe
You belong with me?
You belong with me

Linkin Park - What I've Done

In this farewell
There's no blood
There's no alibi
Cause I've drawn regret
From the truth
Of a thousand lies

So let mercy come
And wash away

[Chorus]
What I've done
I'll face myself
To cross out what I've become
Erase myself
And let go of what I've done

Put to rest
What you've thought of me
While I've cleaned this slate
With the hands
Of uncertainty

So let mercy come
And wash away

[Repeat Chorus]

For what I've done
I start again
And whatever pain may come
Today this ends
I'm forgiving what I've...
Done

I'll face myself
To cross out what I've become
Erase myself
And let go of what I've done

What I've done
(Na, Na, Na, Na, Na)
What I've done
(Na, Na, Na, Na, Na)
Forgiving what I've done
(Na, Na, Na, Na, Na)

Celine Dion - The Power Of Love

The whispers in the morning
Of lovers sleeping tight
Are rolling like thunder now
As I look in your eyes
I hold on to your body
And feels each move you make
Your voice is warm and tender
A love that I could not forsake
Chorus :
Cause I’m your lady
And you are my man
Whenever you reach for me
I’ll do all that I can
Even thought there maybe times
It seems I’m far away

Never wonder where I am
Cause I am always by your side
(Back to Chorus)
We’re hedding for something
Somewhere I’ve never been
Sometimes I am frightened
But I’m ready to learn
Of The Power Of Love
The sound of your heart beating
Made in clear suddenly
The feeling that I can go on
Is like years away
(Back to Chorus)


Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On

Every night in my dreams
I see you I feel you
That is how I know you go on
Far across the distance
And spaces between us
You have come to show you go on
Chorus :
Near far wherever you are
I believe that the heart does go on
Once more you open the door
And you’re here in my heart and
My heart will go on and on
Love can touch us on time
And last for a life time
And never let go till were gone
Love was when I loved you
One true time I hold you
In my life will always go on

Justin Bieber ft Ludacris - Baby



Oh woooah, oh woooooah, oh wooooah, oh.
You know you love me, I know you care,
you shout whenever and I’ll be there.
You are my love, you are my heart
and we will never ever ever be apart.
Are we an item? girl quit playing,
we’re just friends, what are you saying.
Said there’s another, look right in my eyes,
my first love broke my heart for the first time.
And I was like…

[Chorus]
Baby, baby, baby oooooh,
like baby, baby, baby noooooooo,
like baby, baby, baby, ooooh.
Thought you’d always be mine, mine (repeat)

[Justin Beiber]
Oh, for you I would have done whatever,
and I just can’t believe we aint together
and I wanna play it cool the thought of losing you
I buy you anything, I buy you any ring,
and now please say baby fix me and you shake me til’ you wake me from this bad dream.
I’m going down down down down
and I just can’t believe my first love won’t be around.
And I’m like…

[Chorus]

[Ludacris]
Luda, When I was 13 I had my first love,
there was nobody that compared to my baby
and nobody came between us, no-one could ever come above
She had me going crazy, oh I was star-struck,
she woke me up daily, don’t need no Starbucks.
lyrics courtesy of killerhiphop.com
She made my heart pound, I skip a beat when I see her in the street and
at school on the playground but I really wanna see her on the weekend.
She knows she got me dazing coz she was so amazing
and now my heart is breaking but I just keep on saying….

[Chorus]

Now I’m gone,
Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah,
yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah,
yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah,
now I’m all gone.
Gone, gone, gone, gone, I’m gone.
[End]

Mariah Carey - Hero

There’s a hero
If you look inside your heart
You don’t have to be afraid
Of what you are
There’s an answer
If you reach into your soul
And the sorrow that you know
Will melt away........
( Chorus ) And then a hero comes along
With the strength to carry on
And you cast your fears aside
And you know you can survive
So when you feel like hope is gone
Look inside you and be strong
And you’ll finally see the truth
That a hero lies in you
It’s along road
When you face the world alone
No one reaches out a hand
For you to hold
You can find love
If you search within yourself
And the emptiness you felt
Will disappear
( Back to Chorus )
Lord knows
Dreams are hard to follow
But don’t let anyone
Tear them away
Hold on
There will be tomorrow
In time
You’ll find the way…………

Stevie B - Waiting For Your Love

How can I explain the sorrow and my pain
I believe that you and I should be together once again
Every night I pray, that you'll come back to me
But the tears keep falling down my face, when you're not around
and I know you're gone..gone away
All I do is wait for you each and every day
and I know your gone, gone away
All I do is wait for you each and every day
Ooh I'm waiting for your love
I’m Wondering where you are, are you with another guy
Are you showing him your world
I’m waiting for your love, I wanna see your smile,
brighten up my day
Yes I'm waiting for your love
Yes I'm waiting for your love
Many sleepless night
I waited by the phone, wondering where you are tonight
If you are alone, if I had another chance(another chance)
I'd never let you go
My heart's been broken in two..and its all because of you
And I know you're gone..gone away
All I do is wait for you, each and every day
And I know you're gone, gone away
All I do is wait for you, each and everyday
Oh I’m waiting for your love
I'm wondering where you are, are you with another guy
Are you showing him your world
I've been waiting for your love
I wanna see your smile, brighten up my day
Yes, I'm waiting for your love
Yes, I'm waiting for you love
Oh I’m waiting for your love
I'm wondering where you are, are you with another guy
Are you showing him the world
Im waiting for your love
I wanna see your smile, brighten up my day
Yes, I'm waiting for your love
Yes, I'm waiting for you love

Nikka Costa - My First Love

Everyone can see
There's a change in me
They all say I'm not the same
Kid I use to be
Don't go out and play
I just dream all day
They don't know what's wrong with me
And I'm too shy to say
It's my first love
What I'm dreaming on
When I go to bed
When I lay my head upon my pillow
Don't know what to do
My first love
He thinks that I'm too young
He doesn't even know
Wish that I could tell him what I'm feeling
'cause I'm feeling my first love
Mirror on the wall
Does he care at all
Does he ever notice me
Does he ever found
Tell me teddy bear
My love is so unfair
Will I ever found away
An answer to my pray
For my first love...

Bryan Adams - Everything I do

Look into my eyes - you will see
What you mean to me
Search your heart - search your soul
And when you find me there you'll search no more
Don't tell me it's not worth tryin' for
You can't tell me it's not worth dyin' for
You know it's true
Everything I do - I do it for you
Look into your heart - you will find
There's nothin' there to hide
Take me as I am - take my life
I would give it all - I would sacrifice
Don't tell me it's not worth fightin' for
I can't help it - there's nothin' I want more
You know it's true
Everything I do - I do it for you
There's no love - like your love
And no other - could give more love
There's no where - unless you're there
All the time - all the way

Oh - you can't tell me it's not worth tryin' for
I can't help it - there's nothin' I want more
I would fight for you - I'd lie for you
Walk the wire for you - ya I'd die for you
You know it's true
Everything I do - I do it for you




Christian Bautista - The Way You Look At Me lyrics

No one ever saw me like you do
All the things that I could add up too
I never knew just what a smile was worth
But your eyes see everything
Without a single word

[Chorus]
Cause there's something in the way you look at me
It's as if my heart knows
You're the missing piece
You make me believe that there's nothin'
in this world I can't be
I never know what you see but there's
somethin' in the way you look at me

If I could freeze a moment in my mind
It'll be the second that you
Touch your lips to mine
I'd like to stop the clock
Make time stands still
Cause baby this is just the way
I always wanna feel

[Chorus]

I don't know who you are
I feel different in your eyes
All I know is it happens every time

[Chorus]

The way you look at me

Bryan Adams - Heaven

Oh - thinkin' about all our younger years
There was only you and me
We were young and wild and free
Now nothin' can take you away from me
We bin down that road before
But that's over now
You keep me comin' back for more
Baby you're all that I want
When you're lyin' here in my arms
I'm findin' it hard to believe
We're in heaven
And love is all that I need
And I found it there in your heart
It isn't too hard to see
We're in heaven
Oh - once in your life you find someone
Who will turn your world around
Bring you up when you're feelin' down
Ya - nothin' could change what you mean to me
Oh there's lots that I could say
But just hold me now
Cause our love will light the way
N' baby you're all that I want
When you're lyin' here in my arms
I'm findin' it hard to believe
We're in heaven
And love is all that I need
And I found it there in your heart
It isn't too hard to see
We're in heaven
I've bin waitin' for so long
For something to arrive
For love to come along
Now our dreams are comin' true
Through the good times and the bad
Ya - I'll be standin' there by you

Celine Dion - Because You Loved Me

For all those times you stood by me
For all the truth that you made me see
For all the joy you brought to my life
For all the wrong that you made right
For every dream you made come true
For all the love I found in you
I’ll be forever thankful baby
You’re the one who held me up
Never let me fall
You’re the one who saw me through through it all

You were my strength when I was weak
You were my voice when I couldn’t speak
You were my eyes when I couldn’t see
You saw the best there was in me
Lifted me up when I couldn’t reach
You gave me faith ’coz you believed
I’m everything I am
Because you loved me

You gave me wings and made me fly
You touched my hand I could touch the sky
I lost my faith, you gave it back to me
You said no star was out of reach
You stood by me and I stood tall
I had your love I had it all
I’m grateful for each day you gave me
Maybe I don’t know that much
But I know this much is true
I was blessed because I was loved by you

You were my strength when I was weak
You were my voice when I couldn’t speak
You were my eyes when I couldn’t see
You saw the best there was in me
Lifted me up when I couldn’t reach
You gave me faith ’coz you believed
I’m everything I am
Because you loved me

You were always there for me
The tender wind that carried me
A light in the dark shining your love into my life
You’ve been my inspiration
Through the lies you were the truth
My world is a better place because of you

You were my strength when I was weak
You were my voice when I couldn’t speak
You were my eyes when I couldn’t see
You saw the best there was in me
Lifted me up when I couldn’t reach
You gave me faith ’coz you believed
I’m everything I am
Because you loved me

You were my strength when I was weak
You were my voice when I couldn’t speak
You were my eyes when I couldn’t see
You saw the best there was in me
Lifted me up when I couldn’t reach
You gave me faith ’coz you believed
I’m everything I am
Because you loved me

I’m everything I am
Because you loved me

Kelly Clarkson - Because Of You

I will not make the same mistakes that you did
I will not let myself cause my heart so much misery
I will not break the way you did
You fell so hard
I've learned the hard way, to never let it get that far

Because of you
I never stray too far from the sidewalk
Because of you
I learned to play on the safe side
So I don't get hurt
Because of you
I find it hard to trust
Not only me, but everyone around me
Because of you
I am afraid

I lose my way
And it's not too long before you point it out
I cannot cry
Because I know that's weakness in your eyes
I'm forced to fake a smile, a laugh
Every day of my life
My heart can't possibly break
When it wasn't even whole to start with

Because of you
I never stray too far from the sidewalk
Because of you
I learned to play on the safe side
So I don't get hurt
Because of you
I find it hard to trust
Not only me, but everyone around me
Because of you
I am afraid

I watched you die
I heard you cry
Every night in your sleep
I was so young
You should have known better than to lean on me
You never thought of anyone else
You just saw your pain
And now I cry
In the middle of the night
For the same damn thing

Because of you
I never stray too far from the sidewalk
Because of you
I learned to play on the safe side
So I don't get hurt
Because of you
I tried my hardest just to forget everything
Because of you
I don't know how to let anyone else in
Because of you
I'm ashamed of my life because it's empty
Because of you
I am afraid

Because of you
Because of you








Taylor Swift (The Other Side Of The Door) lyrics

In the heat of the fight
I walked away,
Ignoring words that you were saying,
Tryna make me stay.
I said, “This time I’ve had enough.”
And you’ve called a hundred times,
But I’m not pickin’ up.
‘Cause I’m so mad, I might tell you that it’s over.
But if you look a little closer
I said, “Leave,” but all I really want is you
To stand outside my window, throwing pebbles, screaming, “I’m in love with you.”
Wait there in the pourin’ rain,
Come back for more.
And don’t you leave,
’cause I know all I need
is on the other side of the door.
Me and my stupid pride
I’m sittin’ here, alone.
I’m going through the photographs,
Staring at the phone.
I keep going back over
Things we both said
And I remember the slammin’ door,
And all the things that I misread.
So baby you know everything
Tell me why you couldn’t see
That when I left I wanted you to
Chase after me? Yeah
I said, “Leave,” but all I really want is you
To stand outside my window, throwing pebbles, screaming, “I’m in love with you.”
Wait there in the pourin’ rain,
Come back for more.
And don’t you leave,
http://www.elyricsworld.com/the_other_side_of_the_door_lyrics_taylor_swift.html
’cause I know all I need
is on the other side of the door.
And I scream out the window,
“I can’t even look at you, I don’t need you,”
But I do, I do, I do.
I say, “There’s nothing you can say
To make this right again, I mean it,
I mean it”
What I mean is
I said, “Leave,” but baby all I want is you
To stand outside my window, throwing pebbles, screaming, “I’m in love with you.”
Wait there in the pourin’ rain,
Come back for more.
And don’t you leave,
’cause I know all I need
is on the other side of the door.
With your face, and your beautiful eyes
And the conversation
With the little white lies.
And the faded picture
Of a beautiful night
You carried me from your car
up the stairs
And I broke down cryin’
Was she worth this mess?
After everything and that little black dress
After everything I must confess,
I need you


Taylor Swift - Jump Then Fall

I like the way you sound in the morning
We're on the phone and without a warning
I realize your laugh is the best sound I have ever heard
I like the way I can't keep my focus
I watch you talk, you didn't notice
I hear the words but all I can think is we should be together

Every time you smile, I smile
And every time you shine, I'll shine for you

Woah-oh I'm feeling you baby
Don't be afraid to jump then fall
Jump then fall into me
Baby, I'm never gonna leave you
Say that you wanna be with me too
Cause I'm gonna stay through it all
So jump then fall

Well, I like the way your hair falls in your face
Oh, You got the keys to me, I love each freckle on your face
Oh, I've never been so wrapped up, honey
I like the way you're everything I've ever wanted
I had time to think it over
And all I can say is come closer
Take a deep breath and jump then fall into me

Cause every time you smile, I smile
And every time you shine, I'll shine for you

Woah-oh I'm feeling you baby
Don't be afraid to jump then fall
Jump then fall into me
Baby, I'm never gonna leave you
Say that you wanna be with me too
Cause I'm gonna stay through it all
So jump then fall

The bottom's gonna drop out from under our feet
I'll catch you, I'll catch you
When people say things that bring you to your knees
I'll catch you
The time is gonna come when you're so mad you could cry
But I'll hold you though the night until you smile

Woah-oh I need you baby
Don't be afraid please jump then fall
Jump then fall into me
Baby, I'm never gonna leave you
Say that you wanna be with me too
Cause I'm gonna stay through it all
So jump then fall

Jump the fall, baby
Jump then fall into me
Into me

And every time you smile, I smile
And every time you shine, I'll shine
And every time you're here, baby I'll show you
I'll show you you can jump then fall
Jump then fall
Jump then fall into me
Into me
Yeah

Taylor Swift - Crazier

I’ve never gone with the wind
Just let it flow
Let it take me where it wants to go
‘Til you open the door
There’s so much more
I’ve never seen it before
I was trying to fly but I couldn’t find the wings
But you came along and you changed everything
You lift my feet off the ground,
Spin me around,
You make me crazier, crazier
Feels like I’m fallin,
And I’m lost in your eyes,
You make me crazier, crazier, crazier
I watched from a distance as you
Made life your own
Every sky was your own kind of blue
And I wanted to know
How that would feel
And you made it so real
You showed me something that I couldn’t see
You opened my eyes and you made me believe
You lift my feet off the ground,
Spin me around,
You make me crazier, crazier
Feels like I’m fallin,
And I’m lost in your eyes,
You make me crazier, crazier, crazier
Oh
Baby you showed me what living is for
I don’t want to hide anymore
You lift my feet off the ground,
Spin me around,
You make me crazier, crazier
Feels like I’m falling
And I’m lost in your eyes,
You make me crazier, crazier
Crazier, crazier

Avril Lavigne - Why

Why, do you always do this to me?
Why, couldn't you just see through me?
How come, you act like this
Like you just don't care at all

Do you expect me to believe I was the only one to fall?
I could feel I could feel you near me, even though you're far away
I could feel I could feel you baby, why

It's not supposed to feel this way
I need you, I need you
More and more each day
It's not supposed to hurt this way
I need you, I need you, I need you
Tell me, are you and me still together?
Tell me, do you think we could last forever?
Tell me, why

Hey, listen to what we're not saying
Let's play, a different game than what we're playing
Try, to look at me and really see my heart

Do you expect me to believe I'm gonna let us fall apart?
I could feel I could feel you near me, even when you're far away
I could feel I could feel you baby, why

It's not supposed to feel this way
I need you, I need you
More and more each day
It's not supposed to hurt this way
I need you, I need you, I need you
Tell me, are you and me still together?
Tell me, you think we could last forever?
Tell me, why

So go and think about whatever you need to think about
Go ahead and dream about whatever you need to dream about
And come back to me when you know just how you feel, you feel
I could feel I could feel you near me, even though you're far away
I could feel I could feel you baby, why

It's not supposed to hurt this way
I need you, I need you
More and more each day
It's not supposed to hurt this way
I need you, I need you, I need you
Tell me

It's not supposed to hurt this way
I need you, I need you
More and more each day
It's not supposed to hurt this way
I need you, I need you, I need you
Tell me, are you and me still together?
Tell me, do you think we could last forever?
Tell me, why

Avril Lavigne - When You're Gone

I always need time on my own
I never thought I'd need you there when I cry
And the days feel like years
when I'm alone
And the bed where you lie
is made up on your side

When you walk away
I count the steps that you take
Do you see how much I need you right now?

When you're gone
The pieces of my heart are missing you
When you're gone
The face I came to know is missing too
When you're gone
The words I need to hear to always get me through the day
And make it OK
I miss you

I've never felt this way before
Everything that I do
Reminds me of you
And the clothes you left they lie on the floor
And they smell just like you
I love the things that you do

When you walk away
I count the steps that you take
Do you see how much I need you right now?

When you're gone
The pieces of my heart are missing you
When you're gone
The face I came to know is missing too
When you're gone
The words I need to hear to always get me through the day
And make it OK
I miss you
We were made for each other
Out here forever
I know we were
yeah yeah
All i wanted was for you to know
Everything I do I give my heart and soul
I can hardly breathe I need to feel you here with me

When you're gone
The pieces of my heart are missing you
When you're gone
The face I came to know is missing too
When you're gone
The words I need to hear to always get me through the day
And make it OK
I miss you

Avril Lavigne - Tomorrow

And I wanna believe you,
When you tell me that it’ll be ok,
yeah I try to believe you,
But I don’t

When you say that it’s gonna be,
It always turns out to be a different way,
I try to believe you,
Not today, today, today, today,(backround singer)today...

[Chorus:]

I don’t know how I’ll feel,
tomorrow, tomorrow
I don’t know what to say,
tomorrow, tomorrow,
yeah, it’s a different day,
tomorrow,

It’s always been up to you,
It’s turning around,
It’s up to me,
I’m gonna do what I have to do,
just don’t

Gimme a little time,
Leave me alone a little while,
Maybe it’s not too late,
not today, today, today, today, today...

[Chorus:]

I don’t know how I’ll feel,
tomorrow, tomorrow
I don’t know what to say,
tomorrow, tomorrow,
is a different day

Hey yeah yeah, hey yeah yeah, and I know I’m not ready,
Hey yeah yeah, hey yeah yeah, maybe tomorrow

Hey yeah yeah, hey yeah yeah, I’m not ready,
Hey yeah yeah, hey yeah yeah, maybe tomorrow

And I wanna believe you,
When you tell me that it’ll be ok,
Yeah I try to believe you,
Not today, today, today, today, today...

Tomorrow it may change [4x]

Avril Lavigne - The Best Damn Thing

Let me hear you say hey hey hey!
Hey hey hey!
Alright, now let me hear you say hey hey ho!
Hey hey ho!
I hate it when a guy doesn’t get the door
Even though I told him yesterday and the day before
I hate it when a guy doesn’t get the tab
And I have to pull my money out and that looks bad (Yeah)
Where are the hopes, where are the dreams
My Cinderella story scene
When do you think they’ll finally see
That you’re not not not gonna get any better
You won’t won’t won’t you won’t get rid of me never
Like it or not even though she’s a lot like me
We’re not the same
And yeah yeah yeah I’m a lot to handle
You don’t know trouble but I’m a hell of a scandal
Me, I’m a scene I’m a drama queen
I’m the best damn thing that your eyes have ever seen
Alright, alright yeah
I hate it when a guy doesn’t understand
Why a certain time of month I don’t want to hold his hand
I hate it when they go out and we stay in
And they come home smelling like their ex-girlfriend
But I found my hopes I found my dreams
My Cinderella story scene
Now everybody’s gonna see
That you’re not not not gonna get any better
You won’t won’t won’t you won’t get rid of me never
Like it or not even though she’s a lot like me
We’re not the same
And yeah yeah yeah I’m a lot to handle
You don’t know trouble but I’m a hell of a scandal
Me, I’m a scene I’m a drama queen
I’m the best damn thing that your eyes have ever seen
Give me an A, always give me what I want
Give me a V, be very very good to me
R, are you gonna treat me right
I, I can put up a fight
Give me an L, let me hear you scream loud
And let me hear you scream loud
One two three four
Where are the hopes, where are the dreams
My Cinderella story scene
When do you think they’ll finally see
That you’re not not not gonna get any better
You won’t won’t won’t you won’t get rid of me never
Like it or not even though she’s a lot like me
We’re not the same
And yeah yeah yeah I’m a lot to handle
You don’t know trouble but I’m a hell of a scandal
Me I’m a scene I’m a drama queen
I’m the best damn thing that your eyes have ever seen
Let me hear you say hey hey hey
Alright, now let me hear you say hey hey ho
Hey hey hey
Hey hey hey
Hey hey hey
I’m the best damn thing that your eyes have ever see

Avril Lavigne - Runaway

Got up on the wrong side of life today, yeah
Crash the car and I'm gonna be really late
My phone doesn't work cus it's out of range
Looks like it's just one of those kind of days

You can't kick me down I'm already on the ground
No you can't, but you couldn't catch me anyhow
Blue skies, but the sun isn't coming out, no
Today is like I'm under a heavy cloud

And I feel so alive
I can't help myself
Don't you realize

I just wanna scream and lose control
Throw my hands up and let it go
Forget about everything and run away, yeah
I just wanna fall and lose myself
Laughing so hard it hurts like hell
Forget about everything and run away, yeah

So-so's how I'm doing, if you're wondering
I'm in a fight with the world but I'm winning
Stay there, come closer it's at your own risk
Yeah you know how it is life can be a bitch

And I feel so alive
I can't help myself
Don't you realize

Run away, run away [Repeat]

Avril Lavigne - Nobody's Home

Well I couldn't tell you why she felt that way,
She felt it everyday.
And I couldn't help her,
I just watched her make the same mistakes again.

What's wrong, whats wrong now?
Too many, too many problems.
Don't know where she belongs, where she belongs.
She wants to go home, but nobody's home.
That's where she lies, broken inside.
With no place to go, no place to go, to dry her eyes.
Broken inside.

Open your eyes and look outside, find the reasons why.
You've been rejected, and now you can't find what you left behind.
Be strong, be strong now.
Too many, too many problems.
Don't know where she belongs, where she belongs.
She wants to go home, but nobody's home.
That's where she lies, broken inside.
With no place to go, no place to go, to dry her eyes.
Broken inside.

Her feelings she hides.
Her dreams she can't find.
She's losing her mind.
She's fallen behind.?
She can't find her place.
She's losing her faith.
She's falling from grace.?
She's all over the place!?
Yeah!! (yeah)


She wants to go home, but nobody's home.
That's where she lies, broken inside.
With no place to go, no place to go, to dry her eyes.
Broken inside.

She's lost inside, lost inside.oh oh
She's lost inside, lost inside.oh oh
Ohhh...

Avril Lavigne - Losing Grip

Are you aware of what you make me feel, baby
Right now I feel invisible to you, like I'm not real
Didn't you feel me lock my arms around you
Why'd you turn away?
Here's what I have to say
I was left to cry there, waiting outside there
Burning with a lost stare
That's when I decided

[chorus]
Why should I care
'Cuz you weren't there when I was scared
I was so alone
You, you need to listen
I'm starting to trip, I'm losing my grip
And I'm in this thing alone

Am I just some chick you place beside you to take somebody's place
When you turn around can you recognize my face
You used to love me, you used to hug me
But that wasn't the case
Everything wasn't okay
I was left to cry there, waiting outside there
Burning with a lost stare
That's when I decided

[chorus]

Crying out loud
I'm crying out loud
Crying out loud
I'm crying out loud

Open your eyes
Open up wide
Why should I care
'Cuz you weren't there when I was scared
I was so alone

Why should I care
'Cuz you weren't there when I was there
I was so alone
Why should I care
If you don't care then I don't care
We're not going anywhere
[repeat]

Avril Lavigne - Knockin' On Heaven's Door

Yeah, yeah, yeah [2x]
Momma take this badge off of me
I can’t use it anymore
It’s getting dark, too dark to see
Feel I’m knockin’ on heaven’s door

Knock knock knockin’ on heaven’s door
Knock knock knockin’ on heaven’s door
Knock knock knockin’ on heaven’s door
Knock knock knockin’ on heaven’s door
Momma put my guns in the ground
I can’t shoot them anymore
That long black cloud is coming down
I Feel like I’m knockin’ on heaven’s door
Knock knock knockin’ on heaven’s door
Knock knock knockin’ on heaven’s door
Knock knock knockin’ on heaven’s door
Knock knock knockin’ on heaven’s door
Yeah, yeah, yeah [4x]


Avril Lavigne - I Will Be

There’s nothing I could say to you
Nothing I could ever do to make you see
What you mean to me
All the pain, the tears I cried
Still you never said goodbye and now I know
How far you’d go
I know I let you down
But it’s not like that now
This time I’ll never let you go

[Reff]
I will be, all that you want
And get myself together
‘Cause you keep me from falling apart
All my life, I’ll be with you forever
To get you through the day
And make everything O.K.
I thought that I had everything
I didn’t know what life could bring
But now I see, honestly
You’re the one thing I got right
The only one I let inside
Now I can breathe, ’cause you’re here with me
And if I let you down
I’ll turn it all around
‘Cause I will never let you go
[Reff]
I will be, all that you want
And get myself together
‘Cause you keep me from falling apart
All my life, I’ll be with you forever
To get you through the day
And make everything O.K.
‘Cause without you I can sleep
I’m not gonna ever, ever let you leave
You’re all I’ve got, you’re all I want
Yeah…
And without you I don’t know what I do
I can never, ever live a day without you
Here with me, did you see,
You’re all I need
[Reff]
And I will be, all that you want
And get myself together
‘Cause you keep me from falling apart
All my life (my life), I’ll be with you forever
To get you through the day
And make everything O.K.
I will be (I be), all that you want
And get myself together
‘Cause you keep me from falling apart
And all my life, you know I’ll be with you forever
To get you through the day
And make everything O.K.


Avril Lavigne - I Can Do Better

I couldn't give a damn what you say to me
I don't really care what you think of me
cause either way you're gonna think what you believe
there's nothing you could say that would hurt me

I'm better off without you anyway
I thought it would be hard but I'm ok
I don't need you if you're gonna be that way
cause with me it's all or nothing

I'm sick of your shit don't deny
you're a waste of time
I'm sick of your shit
don't ask why

I hate you now
So go away from me
You're gone
So long
I can do better
I can do better
HEY
HEY YOU
I founds myself again
That's why
Goodbye
I can do better
I can do better

You're so full of shit
I can't stand the way you have to just can (?) comprehend
I don't think that you can handle it
I'm way over,
over it

I will drink as much Lemoncello as I can
and I'll do it again and again
I don't really care what you have to say
Cuz you know you know you're nothing
[so sick]
I'm sick of your shit don't deny
you're a waste of time
I'm sick of your shit
don't ask why

I hate you now
So go away from me
You're gone
So long
I can do better
I can do better
HEY
HEY YOU
I founds myself again
That's why
Goodbye
I can do better
I can do better

What'd you say?
I told you so
You know that
cuz I always know

Get outta my face
Hey Hey
You're not my taste
Hey Hey

I am so
sick of you
You're on my nerves
I wanted you

Get outta my face
Hey Hey
You're not my taste
Hey Hey (Hey Hey Hey Hey)

I hate you now
So go away from me
You're gone
So long
I can do better
I can do better
HEY
HEY YOU
I founds myself again
That's why
Goodbye
I can do better
I can do better

I hate you now
So go away from me
You're gone
So long
I can do better
I can do better
HEY
HEY YOU
I found myself again
That's why
Goodbye
I can do better
I can do better

Avril Lavigne - Girlfriend

Hey! Hey! You! You!
I don't like your girlfriend!
No way No way!
I think you need a new one
Hey! Hey! You! You!
I could be your girlfriend

Hey! Hey! You! You!
I know that you like me
No way! No way!
No it's not a secret
Hey! Hey! You! You!
I want to be your girlfriend

You're so fine
I want you mine
You're so delicious
I think about you all the time
You're so addictive
Don't you know what I could do to make you feel alright?
Don't pretend I think you know I'm damn precious
And hell yeah
I'm the mother f**king princess
I can tell you like me too and you know I'm right

She's like so whatever
You could do so much better
I think we should get together now
And that's what everyone's talking about!

Hey! Hey! You! You!
I don't like your girlfriend!
No way! No way!
I think you need a new one
Hey! Hey! You! You!
I could be your girlfriend

Hey! Hey! You! You!
I know that you like me
No way! No way!
No it's not a secret
Hey! Hey! You! You!
I want to be your girlfriend

I can see the way, I see the way you look at me
And even when you look away I know you think of me
I know you talk about me all the time
again and again(and again and again and again)
So come over here, tell me what I want to hear
Better yet make your girlfriend disappear
I don't want to hear you say her name ever again
(And again and again and again!)

Cause, She's like so whatever
And you could do so much better
I think we should get together now
And that's what everyone's talking about!

Hey! Hey! You! You!

I don't like your girlfriend!
No way! No way!
I think you need a new one
Hey! Hey! You! You!
I could be your girlfriend

Hey! Hey! You! You!
I know that you like me
No way! No way!
No it's not a secret
Hey! Hey! You! You!
I want to be your girlfriend

In a second you'll be wrapped around my finger
Cuz I can, cuz I can do it better
There's no other
So when's it gonna sink in
She's so stupid
What the hell were you thinking?!

In a second you'll be wrapped around my finger
Cuz I can, cuz I can do it better
There's no other
So when's it gonna sink in
She's so stupid
What the hell were you thinking?!

Hey! Hey! You! You!
I don't like your girlfriend!
No way! No way!
I think you need a new one
Hey! Hey! You! You!
I could be your girlfriend
No way, no way!
Hey! Hey! You! You!
I know that you like me
No way! No way!
No it's not a secret
Hey! Hey! You! You!
I want to be your girlfriend
No way! No way!

Hey! Hey! You! You!
I don't like your girlfriend!
No way! No way!
I think you need a new one
Hey! Hey! You! You!
I could be your girlfriend
No way, no way!
Hey! Hey You! You!
I know that you like me
No way! No way!
No it's not a secret
Hey! Hey! You! You!
I want to be your girlfriend
No way! No way!

Hey! Hey!

Avril Lavigne - Don't Tell Me

You held my hand and walked me home, I know
Why you gave me that kiss
It was something like this and made me go ooh ooh
You wiped my tears, got rid of all my fears
Why did you have to go?
Guess it wasn't enough to take up some of my love
Guys are so hard to trust

Did i not tell you that im not like that girl,
the one who gives it all away

Did you think that I was gonna give it up to you, this time?
Did you think that it was somethin' I was gonna do and cry?
Don't try to tell me what to do
Don't try to tell me what to say
You're better off that way, yeah

Don't think that your charm and
The fact that your arm is now around my neck
Will get you in my pants, I'll have to kick your ass
And make you never forget
I'm gonna ask you to stop
Thought I liked you a lot
But I'm really upset (really upset)
Get out of my head, get off my bed
Yeah, that's what I said

Did i not tell you that im not like that girl,
the one who throws it all away

Did you think that I was gonna give it up to you, this time?
Did you think that it was somethin' I was gonna do and cry?
Don't try to tell me what to do
Don't try to tell me what to say
You're better off that way, yeah

This guilt trip that you put me on
Won't mess me up, I've done no wrong
Any thoughts of you and me have gone away

Did you think that I was gonna give it up to you, this time?
Did you think that it was somethin' I was gonna do and cry?
Don't try to tell me what to do
Don't try to tell me what to say
You're better off that way, yeah

Better off that way
I'm better off alone anyway

Avril Lavigne - Complicated

Uh-huh,
Life's like this
Uh-huh, uh-huh
That's the way it is
la la la la
'Cause life's like this
Uh-huh, uh-huh
That's the way it is

Chill out,
What you yellin' for?
Lay back, it's all been done before
And if you could only let it be
You will see

I like you the way you are
When we're, driving in your car
And you're talking to me
One on one
But you become

Somebody else
'Round everyone else
watchin your back
like you can't relax
you're tryin' to be cool
you look like a fool
to me

Tell me

Why do you have to go and make things so complicated?
I see the way you're
acting like you're somebody else gets me frustrated
life's like this, you
and you fall, and you crawl
and you break, and you take
what you get and you turn it into
honesty ya promise me I'm never gonna find you fake it

No, no, no

You come,
over unannounced
dressed up,
like you're something else
where you,
are and where you sat you see,
you're making me
laugh out,
when you strike a pose
take off all your preppy clothes
you know
you're not fooling anyone
when you become

Somebody else
'round everyone else
watchin' your back
like you can't relax
tryin' to be cool
you look like a fool to me

Tell me

Why do you have to go and make things so complicated?
I see the way you're
acting like you're somebody else gets me frustrated
life's like this, you
and you fall and you crawl
and you break and you take
what you get and you turn it into
honesty ya promise me I'm never gonna find you fake it

No, no, no,no,no,no,no,no,no ..

Chill out,
what you yellin' for?
lay back, it's all been done before
and if you could only let it be
you will see

Somebody else
'round everyone else
you're watchin' your back
like you can't relax
you're trying to be cool
you look like a fool
to me,
To Me!

Why do you have to go and make things so complicated?
I see the way you're
acting like you're somebody else gets me frustrated
life's like this, you
and you fall and you crawl
and you break and you take
what you get and you turn it into
honesty promise me I'm never gonna find you fake it

No, no

Why do you have to go and make things so complicated?
I see the way you're
acting like you're somebody else gets me frustrated
life's like this, you
and you fall and you crawl
and you break and you take
what you get and you turn it into
honesty promise me I'm never gonna find you fake it
no,noo,no

Avril Lavigne - Anything But Ordinary

Sometimes I get so weird
I even freak myself out
I laugh myself to sleep
It's my lullaby
Sometimes I drive so fast
Just to feel the danger
I wanna scream
It makes me feel alive

Is it enough to love?
Is it enough to breath?
Somebody rip my heart out
And leave me here to bleed
Is it enough to die?
Somebody save my life
I'd rather be anything but ordinary please

To walk within the lines
Would make my life so boring
I want to know that I
Have been to the extreme
So knock me off my feet
Come on now give it to me
Anything to make me feel alive

Is it enough to love?
Is it enough to breath?
Somebody rip my heart out
And leave me here to bleed
Is it enough to die?
Somebody save my life
I'd rather be anything but ordinary please
I'd rahter be anything but ordinary please.

Let down your defences
Use no common sense
If you look you will see
that this world is this beautiful
accident turbulent suculent
I'm feeling permanent
No way I won't taste it
Dont wanna waste it away

Sometimes I get so weird
I even freak myself out
I laugh my self to sleep
It's my lullaby

Is it enough?
Is it enough?
Is it enough to love?
Is it enough to breath?
Somebody rip my heart out
And leave me here to bleed
Is it enough to die?
Somebody save my life
I'd rather be anything but ordinary please

Is it enough?
Is it enough to die?
Somebody save my life
I'd rather be anything but ordinary please
I'd rather be anything but ordinary please.

Avril Lavigne - ALONE

Hey, man?
Tell me what were you thinking
What the hell were you saying?
Oh come on now,
Stop, and think about it.
Hey now,
maybe you should just listen,
maybe you should stop talking for a second.
Shut up, listen to me.

CHORUS:
You're so obvious,
you're so oblivious,
and now you wonder why,
you're the one alone.
So don't apologize,
you don't even realize,
you screwed it up this time,
now you're the one alone.

Uh uh oh oh oh
Uh uh oh oh oh

Hey bro,
I'm just tryin' to let you know,
you really think that you're special,
oh come on now,
I've seen so much better,
hey there,
did you actually think that I cared?


Don't know if you want to go there,
oh come on now,
keep on, keep on dreaming.

CHORUS

If you,
want to,
be my,
uh uh oh,
you know,
you can't,
play games,
and you know what I mean,
sorry,
but you don't,
get my,
my-y-y-y,
I'm gone,
you're still,
dreaming,
about me,
over and over and over and over and over again!

CHORUS X 2

Uh uh oh oh oh
Uh uh oh oh oh
Uh uh oh oh oh
Uh uh oh oh oh
Alone


Selasa, 17 April 2012

MISTERI DIBALIK LUKISAN MONALISA


Sebuah lukisan tua berusia lebih 500 tahun yang digantung di salah satu sudut dinding Museum Louvre di kota Paris, Perancis terus menjadikan misteri yang membingungkan khalayak ramai hingga saat ini. Lukisan cat minyak tersebut menggambarkan seorang gadis yang tidak dinafikan lagi kecantikannya.
Dia kelihatan menghadap ke arah pelukis dengan kedua pergelangan tangannya dirapatkan antara satu sama lain. Sekitar 1503, lukisan itu dibuat oleh Da Vinci.

Da Vinci itu tidak menyelesaikan dengan singkat lukisan tersebut, ketelitian serta berbagai penekanan dalam proses menghasilkan karya seni tinggi yang menyebabkan lukisan berjudul ‘Mona Lisa’ itu rampung empat tahun kemudian. Kini, setelah lebih dari 500 tahun berlalu, lukisan agung dengan lebar 53 cm dan panjang 77 cm itu tergantung di balik cermin yang terlindungi. Sebelum dipindahkan ke suatu galeri khusus pada April 2005, jutaan wisatawan dari seluruh dunia mengunjungi Museum Louvre semata-mata hanya ingin melihat potret yang penuh dengan misteri dan enigma itu.
Selain kekaguman akan karya seni yang memukau, tanda tanya pasti ada dibenak orang-orang yang memerhatikan dengan teliti raut wajah pada lukisan tersebut. Banyak yang mengatakan, jarang sekali manusia yang memiliki senyuman “semisteri” senyuman Mona Lisa. Bentuk senyuman itu tampak berbeda apabila dilihat dari sudut yang berlainan berlainan.

Ketakjuban akan senyuman itu menyebabkan ia menjadi suatu obyek penelitian. Para ahli psikologi dan pengkaji seni berusaha untuk menafsirkan makna di sebalik senyuman Mona Lisa. Sudut-sudut terkecil dalam lukisan berkenaan diteliti demi upaya untuk membongkar rahasia yang menyelubungi lukisan wanita tersebut. Dengan kecanggihan teknologi olah digital, sosok didalam lukisan direka ulang untuk mengetahui perasaan sang model ketika ia melepaskan senyuman seunik itu.

Program komputer yang dikembangkan di Universitas Illinois dan Universitas Amsterdam membandingkannya dengan berbagai ekspresi wajah manusia. Mengukur dengan sangat teliti bentuk seperti lengkungan bibir dan kerutan sekitar mata untuk menghasilkan suatu kesimpulan. Hasilnya, program ‘pengenal emosi’ itu memberikan kesimpulan bahwa wanita dalam lukisan Da Vinci tengah berada dalam beberapa kondisi emosional, 83 persen dikatakan gembira, sembilan persen muak, enam persen takut dan dua persen marah.

Pada tahun 2003 ilmuwan dari Harvard University mengatakan bahwa cara mata-nya memandang membuatkan senyuman Mona Lisa hanya tampak unik ketika seseorang memandang bagian lain dari lukisan tersebut. Baru-baru ini pula, sekumpulan penyelidik Kanada mencoba membongkar misteri dengan mengasumsikan bahwa senyuman Mona Lisa sebagai tanda kegembiraan wanita yang baru saja melahirkan anak keduanya.

Asumsi tersebut berdasarkan penemuan beberapa pengkaji yang mengamati bagian lukisan menggunakan cahaya inframerah dan teknik tiga dimensi. Dengan teknik-teknik itu, mereka dapat melihat goresan cat lapisan demi lapisan yang dihasilkan Da Vinci, selain menjumpai bagian yang tidak dapat dilihat mata kasar.


“Dari pengamatan yang sangat mendalam terhadap lukisan, jelas terlihat bahwa baju yang dikenakan oleh obyek lukisan dilapisi kain kasa lutsinar,” ujar Bruno Mottin dari Pusat Penelitian dan Restorasi Museum Perancis. Kain jenis ini banyak dipakai wanita di Italia yang sedang mengandung atau baru saja melahirkan pada abad ke-16.

Selain senyumannya yang unik, satu lagi keistimewaan gaya lukisan Da Vinci. Bola mata Mona Lisa seakan-akan sentiasa memandang ke arah pengunjung dari setiap arah dan sudut manapun mereka memerhatikan lukisan.

Akan tetapi, misteri yang dikatakan paling utama dari lukisan tersebut adalah siapakah wanita yang dijadikan model oleh Da Vinci tersebut?

Sebuah teori mengatakan sang wanita gembira kerana baru saja melahirkan anak kedua-nya. kemudian dikaitkan bahwa model Mona Lisa sebenarnya ialah Lisa Ghererdini, isteri seorang pedagang bernama Francesco de Giocondo. Nama Mona Lisa yang digunakan juga memiliki arti Madam Lisa. Selain itu, ada beberapa wanita yang dikaitkan sebagai Mona Lisa selain Lisa Ghererdini. Wanita-wanita yang turut dikaitkan sebagai model Mona Lisa ialah Isabella of Aragon, Caterina Sforza dan Constanza d’Avalos.

Seorang penulis, Serge Bramly, mengemukakan teori bahawa model lukisan Mona Lisa adalah ibu Leonardo Da Vinci itu sendiri bernama Caterina. Terdapat juga pengkaji seni yang mengatakan bahwa wajah Mona Lisa yang dilukis Leonardo tanpa merujuk kepada siapapun, sebaliknya berdasarkan kreativitas pelukis itu sendiri. Bagaimanapun juga, teori yang paling mengejutkan dikemukakan oleh Dr. Lillian Schwartz dari Bell Labs yang menyatakan bahwa Mona Lisa sebenarnya adalah wajah Leonardo Da Vinci itu sendiri dalam versi wanita.

Fakta :

- Lukisan itu menjadi populer setelah dicuri dari Muzium Louvre pada 21 Agustus 1911. Seorang pekerja musium bernama Vincenzo Peruggia akhirnya terbukti bersalah atas kasus tersebut. Lukisan itu ditemukan dan dikembalikan kembali ke Museum Louvre dua tahun kemudian.

- Popularitas lukisan Mona Lisa dijadikan sebagai inspirasi karya lagu lebih dari 10 kali, juga diangkat sebagai tema film dan berbagai seni sastra lainnya.

- Nama ‘Mona Lisa’ diberikan kepada lukisan tersebut 31 tahun setelah kematian Da Vinci. Selain Mona Lisa, judul lainnya adalah ‘La Gioconda’.

- Terdapat beberapa perbedaan pendapat yag mengatakan bahawa Mona Lisa membiarkan rambutnya terurai hingga ke bahu seperti terlihat dalam lukisan. Namun hal itu disanggah dengan kenyataan bahwa seakan-akan rambut itu sebenarnya adalah kain pelindung kepala dan hanya beberapa helai rambut yang terlihat. Sebab perbuatan membiarkan rambut bebas terurai di zaman Renaissance adalah ciri wanita muda yang tidak memiliki sopan santun.

dari waktu ke waktu,lukisan monalisa ga pernah abis dicari pemecahan misterinya…
berbagai ahli mulai dari ahli syaraf, sejarah, forensik, sampai akustik berlomba-lomba meneliti apa sih sebenernya yang ingin disampaikan Da Vinci dalam lukisannya yang terkenal itu.
berikut ini rangkuman berbagai penelitian mengenai misteri Mona Lisa yang dilakukan berbagai ahli di dunia.

1. Senyum Mona Lisa ternyata hanya sebuah ilusi optis

seorang pakar neuroscientist dari universitas Harvard, Margaret Livingstone, dalam Journal Science no. 17. yang mendapat dukungan dari ahli sejarah kesenian zaman Renaissans dari universitas Columbia, James Beck, mengungkapkan sebuah kajian ilmiah yang menyatakan
“bahwa senyuman memesona yang terkesan muncul selintas dengan lamat-lamat pada wajah Monalisa tersebut terjadi akibat efek dari suatu ilusi optik, senyuman itu dapat tertangkap mata justru pada saat seseorang tidak tengah langsung memandang ke arah bibir Monalisa.”
Livingstone dalam penelitiannya menggunakan metoda kerja dengan menscanning reproduksi lukisan Monalisa lalu menghilangkan seluruh image bayang dan efek yang ada dalam area pandang peripheral, sehingga lukisan tersebut hanya menyisakan image kontras dan beda warna seperti yang lazim terlihat dalam area fovea atau area daerah pusat pada area bidang pandang. proses tersebut mengakibatkan pandangan mata manusia tidak dapat lagi menangkap adanya senyuman pada lukisan Monalisa. ketika efek bayangan dimasukkan kembali pada lukisan, maka dengan segera senyum itu muncul kembali.

2. Senyum itu hanya dapat terjadi bila Monalisa tidak memiliki Gigi!

sebuah riset yang dilakukan dari tahun 1997 hingga 2001 yang dipimpin oleh Dr. Montague Merlic, ahli forensik asal Inggris, mengungkapkan bahwa Monalisa tidak dapat menutup mulutnya dengan pas karena dia mungkin telah kehilangan gigi-giginya. menurutnya, kendati tampak seperti tersenyum, namun secara forensik, tidak seperti itu. Monalisa cuma tidak bisa menutup mulutnya dengan benar.
mereka melakukan riset dengan menggunakan peralatan teknologi mutakhir, yaitu komputer, pencitraan holografis dan tiga dimensi, sehingga dapat diciptakan suatu simulasi susunan kerangka kepala monalisa yang dapat dilihat dari berbagai sudut pandang melalui layar komputer.

dari gambar 3 dimensi tersebut terlihat bahwa profil kiri dan kanan kepala monalisa terdapat indikasi kuat adanya sesuatu yang tidak beres pada mulut Monalisa. akhirnya disimpulkan sebuah keyakinan bahwa ekspresi yang terlukis pada Monalisa hanya dapat terjadi bila tidak ada gigi dalam rongga mulut Monalisa, dengan kata lain, Monalisa sebenarnya ompong.hehe :D

3. Tidak ada maksud apa2, Da Vinci hanya melukis orang yang sebenarnya!

tahun 2004, pakar sejarah, Giuseppe Pallanti, mempelajari berbagai arsip penduduk kota tempat Da Vinci menciptakan lukisan itu, yaitu kota Firenze. Pallanti menelaah arsip yang sudah tersimpan berabad-abad, mulai dari catatan pernikajan sampai akta-akta kepemilikan tanah milik warga kota. Pallanti menghabiskan lebih dari 25 tahun untuk mengungkap misteri lukisan Monalisa ini. ternyata wanita yang digambar Da Vinci bukanlah tokoh fiktif, tetapi adalah orang yang sebenarnya!
bernama alsi Monalisa del Giocondo, hidup di kota Firenze pada tahun 1490-an. Monalisa lahir di Florence, Italia, Mei 1479, dengan nama Lisa Gherardine. monalisa menikah dengan seorang pedagang kain sutra kaya raya, Francesco del Giocondo, pada tahun 1495 yang merupakan rekan dari ayah Da Vinci. hasil penyelidikan Pallanti menunjukkan bahwa Da Vinci tinggal di kota kecil itu tahun 1501 hingga 1503.

4. senyum itu 83% kebahagiaan, 9% kekejian, 6% rasa takut, 2% rasa marah.
para ilmuwan dari universitas Amsterdam dan Universitas Illinois pada tahun 2005 tidak mau ketinggalan untuk menganalisis senyum monalisa menggunakan bantuan software komputer untuk mengungkap rahasia emosi yang terkandung dalam lukisan monalisa. analisis diperoleh dari goresan lipstik dan kerutan spitar mata yang menurut para ahli dapat menggambarkan emosi dari seseorang. dalam “New Scientist” mereka menyimpulan bahwa senyuman monalisa menyampaikan pesan bahwa senyum tersebut mengandung 83% bahagia, 9% kekejian, 6% rasa takut, dan 2% rasa marah.

5. Jika Monalisa bisa ngomong, apa yang akan diucapkannya?
ya?jika monalisa bisa ngomong, apa yang akan diucapkannya?
seorang ahli akustik Jepang, Dr. matsumi Suzuki tergelitik untuk meneliti sebenarnya apa yang diucapkan oleh Monalisa.
Matsumi Suzuki, yang biasanya memanfaatkan keahliannya untuk membongkar berbagai kasus kejahatan, mengukur wajah dan tangan tokoh lukisan potret abad ke-16 karya Leonardo da Vinci yang sangat terkenal itu. Sang ahli memperkirakan tingginya dan menciptakan model tengkorak kepalanya. “Begitu kami telah dapat membuat modelnya, kami dapat menciptakan suara yang serupa sekali dengan orang yang bersangkutan,” kata Suzuki kepada Reuters dalam wawancara di kantornya di Tokyo pada pekan lalu.
Suzuki telah mereka-reka cipta suara banyak orang terkenal yang amat dekat dengan suara pemilik sesungguhnya dan telah banyak digunakan dalam kegiatan sulih suara.
Peta setiap suara individual, yang dikenal sebagai cetak suara, unik untuk setiap orang. Suzuki yakin telah mencapai tingkat akurasi 90 persen dalam menciptakan kualitas nada suara wanita yang senyumnya membingungkan itu.

6. Monalisa sedang hamil.
pada tahun 2004, para ahli yang didatangkan National Geographic meneliti lukisan itu secara langsung dengan teknologi yang mereka ungkapkan sebagai “teknologi tercanggih dalam penelitian saat ini”. lukisan itu dipotret, dscan,dan diamati dengan berbagai peralatan canggih.
hasilnya didapat fakta, bahwa pakaian monalisa, gestur tangan, dan seluruh badan Monalisa menunjukkan bahwa ini adalah sebuah lukisan wanita yang sedang hamil.

Minggu, 15 April 2012

AMNESIA

Amnesia (from Greek Ἀμνησία) is a condition in which one's memory is lost. The causes of amnesia have traditionally been divided into certain categories. Memory appears to be stored in several parts of the limbic system of the brain, and any condition that interferes with the function of this system can cause amnesia. Functional causes are psychological factors, such as mental disorder, post-traumatic stress or, in psychoanalytic terms, defence mechanisms. Amnesia may also appear as spontaneous episodes, in the case of transient global amnesia.

Anterograde amnesia, is the loss of long-term memory, the loss or impairment of the ability to form new memories through memorization. People may find themselves constantly forgetting a piece of information, people or events after a few seconds or minutes, because the data does not transfer successfully from their conscious short-term memory into permanent long-term memory. Primarily in older men, transient global amnesia causes severe loss of memory for minutes or hours.

Retrograde amnesia, the loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollection, beyond an ordinary degree of forgetfulness. This type of amnesia first targets the patient's most recent memories. The amount of memories lost depends on the severity of the case. The person may be able to memorize new things that occur after the onset of amnesia (unlike in anterograde amnesia), but is unable to recall some or all of their life or identity prior to the onset. The effects of retrograde amnesia (RA) occurs on fact memory to a lower degree than it occurs on autobiographical memory, which can be affected over the whole lifespan of the patient by RA.

There have also been some cases where retrograde amnesia is a result of hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetic patients.
However, there are different types of memory, for example procedural memory (i.e. automated skills) and declarative memory (personal episodes or abstract facts), and often only one type is impaired. For example, a person may forget the details of personal identity, but still retain a learned skill such as the ability to play the piano.

In addition, the terms are used to categorize patterns of symptoms rather than to indicate a particular cause (etiology). Both categories of amnesia can occur together in the same patient, and commonly result from drug effects or damage to the brain regions most closely associated with episodic memory: the medial temporal lobes and especially the hippocampus. An example of mixed retrograde and anterograde amnesia, may be a motorcyclist unable to recall driving his motorbike prior to his head injury (retrograde amnesia), nor can he recall the hospital ward where he is told he had conversations with family over the next two days (anterograde amnesia).

The most influential case on anterograde amnesia was H.M.. This patient had to undergo bi-lateral removal of the hippocampus and amygdala in order to treat his severe epilepsy. In fact, H.M. was reported having up to 10 seizures per day. Although the epilepsy was fixed through surgery H.M. ended up with anterograde amnesia.

The effects of amnesia can last a long time even after the condition has passed. Some sufferers claim that their amnesia changes from a neurological condition to also being a psychological condition, whereby they lose confidence and faith in their own memory and accounts of past events. Another effect of some forms of amnesia may be impaired ability to imagine future events. A 2006 study showed that future experiences imagined by amnesiacs with bilaterally damaged hippocampus lacked spatial coherence, and the authors speculated that the hippocampus may bind different elements of experience together in the process of re-experiencing the past or imagining the future.

Types and causes of amnesia Post-traumatic amnesia is generally due to a head injury (example: a fall, a knock on the head). Traumatic amnesia is often transient, but may be permanent of either anterograde, retrograde, or mixed type. The extent of the period covered by the amnesia is related to the degree of injury and may give an indication of the prognosis for recovery of other functions. Mild trauma, such as a car accident that results in no more than mild whiplash, might cause the occupant of a car to have no memory of the moments just before the accident due to a brief interruption in the short/long-term memory transfer mechanism. The sufferer may also lose knowledge of who people are. Having longer periods of amnesia or consciousness after an injury may be an indication that recovery from remaining concussion symptoms will take much longer.

Dissociative amnesia results from a psychological cause as opposed to direct damage to the brain caused by head injury, physical trauma or disease, which is known as organic amnesia. Dissociative amnesia can include:
Repressed memory refers to the inability to recall information, usually about stressful or traumatic events in persons' lives, such as a violent attack or disaster. The memory is stored in long term memory, but access to it is impaired because of psychological defense mechanisms. Persons retain the capacity to learn new information and there may be some later partial or complete recovery of memory. This contrasts with e.g. anterograde amnesia caused by amnestics such as benzodiazepines or alcohol, where an experience was prevented from being transferred from temporary to permanent memory storage: it will never be recovered, because it was never stored in the first place. Formerly known as "Psychogenic Amnesia".

Dissociative Fugue (formerly Psychogenic Fugue) is also known as fugue state. It is caused by psychological trauma and is usually temporary, unresolved and therefore may return. The Merck Manual defines it as "one or more episodes of amnesia in which the inability to recall some or all of one's past and either the loss of one's identity or the formation of a new identity occur with sudden, unexpected, purposeful travel away from home." [9] While popular in fiction, it is extremely rare.

Post-hypnotic amnesia is where events during hypnosis are forgotten, or where past memories are unable to be recalled. The failure to remember those events are induced by suggestions made during the hypnosis. [10] Lacunar amnesia is the loss of memory about one specific event.

Childhood amnesia (also known as infantile amnesia) is the common inability to remember events from one's own childhood. Sigmund Freud notoriously attributed this to sexual repression, while modern scientific approaches generally attribute it to aspects of brain development or developmental psychology, including language development

Transient global amnesia is a well-described medical and clinical phenomenon. This form of amnesia is distinct in that abnormalities in the hippocampus can sometimes be visualized using a special form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain known as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Symptoms typically last for less than a day and there is often no clear precipitating factor nor any other neurological deficits. The cause of this syndrome is not clear. The hypotheses of the syndrome includes transient reduced blood flow, possible seizure or an atypical type of migraine. Patients are typically amnestic of events more than a few minutes in the past, though immediate recall is usually preserved.

Source amnesia is a memory disorder in which someone can recall certain information, but they do not know where or how they obtained the information.
Memory distrust syndrome is a term invented by the psychologist Gisli Gudjonsson to describe a situation where someone is unable to trust their own memory.
Blackout phenomenon can be caused by excessive short-term alcohol consumption, with the amnesia being of the anterograde type. See Effects of alcohol on memory for a discussion of alcohol's disruption of memory formation.
Korsakoff's syndrome can result from long-term alcoholism or malnutrition. It is caused by brain damage due to a vitamin B1 deficiency and will be progressive if alcohol intake and nutrition pattern are not modified. Other neurological problems are likely to be present in combination with this type of Amnesia. Korsakoff's syndrome is also known to be connected with confabulation.It should be noted that the person's short term memory may appear to be normal, however the person may have a difficult time attempting to recall a past story, or with unrelated words, as well as complicated patterns.

Drug-induced amnesia is intentionally caused by injection of an amnesiac drug to help a patient forget surgery or medical procedures, particularly those not performed under full anesthesia, or likely to be particularly traumatic. Such drugs are also referred to as "premedicants." Most commonly a 2'-halogenated benzodiazepine such as midazolam or flunitrazepam is the drug of choice, although other strongly amnestic drugs such as propofol or scopolamine may also be used for this application. Memories of the short time frame in which the procedure was performed are permanently lost or at least substantially reduced, but once the drug wears off, memory is no longer affected.

Electroconvulsive therapy in which seizures are electrically induced in patients for therapeutic effect can have acute effects including both retrograde and anterograde amnesia.
Prosopamnesia is the inability to recognize or remember faces, even in the presence of intact facial recognition capabilities. Both acquired and inborn cases have been documented.
Situation-Specific amnesia can arise in a variety of circumstances (e.g., committing an offence, child sexual abuse) resulting in PTSD. It has been claimed that it involves a narrowing of consciousness with attention focused on central perceptual details and/or that the emotional or traumatic events are processed differently from ordinary memories.

Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to create new memories due to head trauma. That is not the only cause,it is also caused by Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, cerebrovascular events, anoxia and other substances. The two brain regions related with this condition are medial temporal lobe and medial diencephalon. Anterograde amnesia can't be treated with pharmacological methods due to neuronal loss.[12] However, treatment exists in educating patients to define their daily routines and after several steps they begin to benefit from their procedural memory. Likewise, social and emotional support is critical to improving quality of life for anterograde amnesia sufferers.

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